Film studies · Trame
Film study 4 of 11

Erin Brockovich

Steven Soderbergh · 2000 · a single mother with no legal training uncovers groundwater pollution in a desert town and takes on a giant utility.

Lycée général · 1re → TleCEFR B2Axis: Humans and natureAxis: Private space & public spaceAxis: Fictions & realitiesJustice & the environmentR (language) · trailer and stills only

Background photo: Amin Eshaiker · CC BY-SA 3.0

Why this film for you?

Who protects a town when its water is poisoned?

A true story: chromium-6 leaked into the groundwater of Hinkley, California. In 1996, the energy company PG&E agreed to pay $333 million to hundreds of residents.

We always talk about the characters, never about our own private life.

Partie 1 · Pour l'enseignant

Guide de l'enseignant

Un film ne sort pas de nulle part : il questionne. Ce guide suit trois temps, avant, pendant, après le film, puis donne les adaptations par niveau et le corrigé de la fiche élève.

Pourquoi ce film ?

Une mère célibataire sans diplôme de droit découvre, dans des dossiers immobiliers, que le chrome 6 a pollué l’eau de Hinkley, en Californie. Le film pose une question de justice : qui protège une ville quand son eau est empoisonnée ? Histoire vraie : en 1996, PG&E a accepté de verser 333 millions de dollars à quelque 650 habitants.

Culture

La justice environnementale, l’EPA (1970), le Clean Water Act (1972), l’affaire Anderson v. PG&E.

Langue

L’anglais oral rapide et familier d’Erin face au langage juridique ; lexique de l’enquête.

Esprit critique

Le pouvoir du droit pour les plus faibles ; ce que le film change ou simplifie de l’histoire réelle.

Classé R (langage) : bande-annonce officielle (IMDb) et photos uniquement, réservé à la 1re et à la Tle. Le film n’est pas projeté en classe.

Les élèves parlent toujours des personnages, jamais d'eux-mêmes : aucune question ne porte sur leur vécu personnel.

Hinkley’s school, 2013: families have left the town

Temps 1

Avant le film

Hinkley’s school, 2013: families have left the town Photo: Voice of America (C. Richard) · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

a · Contexte historique et culturel

Projetez les repères ; insistez sur 1987 (alerte), 1993 (plainte) et 1996 (accord).

Project in class · Key dates

  1. 1952

    PG&E starts using hexavalent chromium against corrosion at its Hinkley compressor station (the Water Board gives 1952; the LA Times dates the case to 1951).

  2. 1952 to 1966

    Wastewater is discharged into unlined ponds; part of it reaches the groundwater.

  3. 1970

    The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is created.

  4. 1972

    The Clean Water Act becomes law.

  5. 1974

    The Safe Drinking Water Act protects public drinking water.

  6. 1987

    7 December: PG&E informs the local Water Board of the chromium contamination.

  7. 1993

    Erin Brockovich, a legal clerk for Ed Masry, investigates; more than 600 Hinkley residents file a lawsuit against PG&E (Anderson et al. v. PG&E).

  8. 1994 to 1996

    Binding arbitration: awards of about $121 million to the first 39 plaintiffs, under a $400 million cap.

  9. 1996

    2 July: PG&E agrees to pay $333 million to about 650 plaintiffs.

  10. 2000

    17 March: Erin Brockovich is released.

  11. 2001

    Julia Roberts wins the Oscar for Best Actress.

  12. 2014

    1 July: California sets a drinking-water limit for chromium 6 (10 µg/L).

  13. 2017

    A court invalidates this limit.

  14. 2024

    California adopts a new limit of 10 µg/L (effective 1 October 2024).

Say it with…

  • « In …, … »
  • « One important date is… because… »
  • « This explains why the characters… »
  • « The film is set … years after… »
Barstow, California, a dozen miles from Hinkley
Barstow, California, a dozen miles from Hinkley · Photo: Amin Eshaiker · CC BY-SA 3.0
The Mojave Desert near Barstow, early 20th century
The Mojave Desert near Barstow, early 20th century · Photo: Detroit Publishing · Public domain
Hinkley in San Bernardino County, California
Hinkley in San Bernardino County, California · Photo: Anna Tesař · CC0
San Bernardino County Courthouse
San Bernardino County Courthouse · Photo: Einbierbitte · CC BY-SA 3.0
The real Erin Brockovich, environmental activist
The real Erin Brockovich, environmental activist · Photo: Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ, United States of America · CC BY-SA 2.0
Julia Roberts, Oscar for Best Actress
Julia Roberts, Oscar for Best Actress · Photo: U.S. Department of State from United States · Public domain

b · Échauffement lexical

Projetez la banque de mots ; faites répéter les répliques de la bande-annonce en imitant les voix. Les minutages renvoient à la bande-annonce officielle et sont approximatifs (± 2 s).

Project in class · Word bank

Heard in the trailer
  • « I’m smart. I’m hardworking, and I’ll do anything. » (≈0:03)
  • « Why are there medical records and blood samples in real estate files? » (trailer)
  • « For the first time in my life, I got people respecting me. » (trailer)
  • « By the way, we had that water brought in special for you folks. » (≈2:14)
Idioms and expressions
  • to take on a giant · to fight someone much more powerful
  • to dig deeper · to investigate more
  • to fill in the holes · to complete missing information
  • to make it personal · to be emotionally involved
  • a David and Goliath story · a weak person against a strong one
The accents
  • Erin speaks fast, direct, informal Californian English, sometimes rude.
  • The lawyers use formal legal English: plaintiffs, settlement, arbitration.
Environmental justice
  • groundwater · water under the ground
  • chromium-6 (hexavalent chromium) · a toxic chemical
  • a lawsuit · a case in court
  • a plaintiff · a person who sues
  • a settlement · an agreement to pay

Use the words with…

  • « Erin takes on a giant when… »
  • « The water is dangerous because… »
  • « The plaintiffs want… »
  • « The settlement was… »

c · Guide d'anticipation

  1. Les élèves se positionnent (agree / disagree) sur quatre affirmations, avant de voir quoi que ce soit.
  2. Montrez l'affiche officielle (en ligne, sur le site du distributeur, elle n'est pas reproduite ici), puis le titre seul.
  3. Premier visionnage de la bande-annonce sans le son : hypothèses sur le thème. Second visionnage avec le son : on vérifie.

Project in class · Agree or disagree?

StatementBeforeAfter
You need a diploma to fight for justice.☐ A ☐ D☐ A ☐ D
Big companies always tell the truth.☐ A ☐ D☐ A ☐ D
Clean water is a right for everyone.☐ A ☐ D☐ A ☐ D
Getting emotional makes you weaker.☐ A ☐ D☐ A ☐ D

Make hypotheses with…

  • « On the poster, I can see… »
  • « The title makes me think of… »
  • « Without the sound, I think the film is about… »
  • « I agree / disagree because… »
A protest sign in Hinkley, 2015

Temps 2

Pendant le film

A protest sign in Hinkley, 2015 Photo: Alison Cassidy · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Classé R : bande-annonce, photos et synopsis uniquement. On visionne la bande-annonce officielle en entier, en trois passages : on fait une pause après chacun. Les questions détaillées et leurs corrigés sont dans l’onglet Watch de la boîte à outils, en bas de page.

Official trailer on IMDb

ÉtapeMinutageCe qu'on travaille
1 · Global understandingbande-annonce IMDb · 30 s sans le son, puis avecQui, où, quand, quel problème ? Questions « First viewing » (onglet Watch).
2 · Exact wordsbande-annonce IMDbRépliques à compléter (« Second viewing »), puis répétition à voix haute.
3 · Film languagebande-annonce IMDbLes moments de la partie 4 de la fiche élève : plans, angles, lumière, musique.

Consignes ciblées : trois groupes, une fiche par groupe (à projeter ou imprimer), puis mise en commun.

Project in class · Focus groups

Group A · Music

Listen to the song “Everyday Is a Winding Road” (Sheryl Crow). What does it say about Erin?

Note it with…

  • « The song makes Erin look… »
  • « The rhythm… »
Group B · Relationships

Watch Erin with Ed, her boss, and with the families. How does trust grow?

Note it with…

  • « Ed thinks Erin… »
  • « The families trust her because… »
Group C · Historical accuracy

Check the trailer against the dates: which facts are real?

Note it with…

  • « The chemical is real: … »
  • « The amount of money… »
The Mojave Desert near Barstow, postcard, around 1912

Temps 3

Après le film

The Mojave Desert near Barstow, postcard, around 1912 Photo: Detroit Publishing · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Débat : chaque binôme reçoit un dilemme, prépare deux arguments, puis débat avec un autre binôme. Fin du film : après l’arbitrage, PG&E verse 333 millions de dollars ; Erin reçoit une prime de son patron et continue d’enquêter.

Project in class · Moral dilemmas

  • Erin works late and misses time with her children. Is the case worth it?
  • PG&E offers a small sum to one family. Should they accept?
  • Erin “makes it personal”. Is emotion a weakness or a strength?
  • Should a film change real facts to be more exciting?

Debate with…

  • « In my opinion, … should have… because… »
  • « I see your point, but… »
  • « On the one hand…, on the other hand… »
  • « That’s why I think… »

Prolongement créatif : au choix, selon le niveau (voir le tableau des adaptations).

Project in class · Creative extension (choose one)

An alternative ending

Imagine the families accept the first small offer. Write the next scene.

Start with…

  • « Donna signs the paper… »
  • « Erin says… »
Donna’s diary

Write the diary of Donna Jensen, a Hinkley mother, the day Erin explains the danger.

Start with…

  • « Today a woman came to… »
  • « I realised that the water… »
A film review

Write a review for an environmental website.

Start with…

  • « Erin Brockovich is a … film based on… »
  • « It shows that one person can… »

Adaptations par niveau

La fiche élève (partie 2) change selon le niveau choisi : mêmes questions, débuts de phrases et longueur d'écrit adaptés. Choisissez le niveau avec les boutons de la partie 2.

NiveauLangueAvant / pendantAprès · production
1reB1 → B2Repères complets ; lexique juridique de base ; groupes A, B, C.Critique de 120 à 150 mots ; journal de Donna ; débat avec contre-arguments.
TleB2Comparaison film / dossier réel (EPA, accord de 1996, norme californienne de 2024).Plaidoyer de 180 à 200 mots ; débat sur la responsabilité des entreprises.

Corrigé de la fiche élève

Réponses modèles en anglais (niveau intermédiaire ; simplifiez ou développez selon le niveau).

Answer key · open

1 2000 · USA · Drama (based on a true story). 2.1 Southern California, a law office and the desert town of Hinkley, in 1993. 2.2 Introduction: Erin, a single mother without a job, works for lawyer Ed Masry. Climax: she discovers that PG&E polluted Hinkley’s water with chromium-6 and convinces hundreds of residents to sue. Resolution: PG&E pays $333 million; Erin is respected and rewarded.

3.1 Erin: determined, honest, fearless; flaws: rude, impatient. 3.2 PG&E, a giant utility, and its lawyers. 3.3 The self-made woman; the power of courts; a small town against a corporation.

4 ≈1:15 low angle on Erin taking a photo against the sky: she becomes a strong investigator; ≈1:57 extreme long shot of a desert road: Hinkley’s isolation. Sheryl Crow’s song gives energy; dusty yellow desert tones. 5.1 Ordinary people can win justice; clean water is a right. 5.2 Open answer.

Questions de compréhension, langage du cinéma, oral, écrit et examen avec leurs corrigés : onglets de la boîte à outils ci-dessous. · Fiche film imprimable : fiche-erin-brockovich.

Part 2 · For students

Student’s worksheet

Choose your level: the questions and the sentence starters change for you.

1 · Your level

Name:

Date:

Film title:

Director:

Talk and write about the characters and the film, never about your own private life.

1 General identification

1.1 Year of release:

Start with…

  • « The film was released in…, and it is set in… »

Start with…

  • « Released in…, the film looks back at… »

1.2 Country of origin:

☐ USA   ☐ United Kingdom   ☐ Other: ________

Start with…

  • « It is a … film, made by a … director. »

Start with…

  • « This … production, directed by…, … »

1.3 Genre (tick one or two):

☐ Drama   ☐ Comedy   ☐ Sci-Fi   ☐ Historical   ☐ Thriller   ☐ Social Realism   ☐ Other: ________

Start with…

  • « It belongs to … : it shows… »

Start with…

  • « It mixes … and …, which allows the director to… »
A freight train near Barstow, California, 2012
A freight train near Barstow, California, 2012 Photo: jpmueller99 · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons
Barstow, California, a dozen miles from Hinkley
Barstow, California, a dozen miles from Hinkley · Photo: Amin Eshaiker · CC BY-SA 3.0

2 Plot & setting

2.1 Where and when does the story take place? Describe the place and the time.

Start with…

  • « The story is set in…, at a time when… »
  • « The setting looks… because… »

Start with…

  • « Set in…, the film shows a place where… »
  • « The setting reflects… »

2.2 Sum up the main conflict in 3 sentences.

• Introduction

Start with…

  • « The film opens on Erin, who… »

Start with…

  • « The opening introduces Erin, a character who… »

• Climax (turning point)

Start with…

  • « The turning point is when…, so… »

Start with…

  • « The turning point comes when…, which forces Erin to… »

• Resolution

Start with…

  • « Finally, Erin realises that…, so… »

Start with…

  • « The ending suggests that… »
The Mojave Desert near Barstow, early 20th century
The Mojave Desert near Barstow, early 20th century · Photo: Detroit Publishing · Public domain
Hinkley in San Bernardino County, California
Hinkley in San Bernardino County, California · Photo: Anna Tesař · CC0

3 Character analysis

3.1 The protagonist (main hero): name, motivations and main flaws.

Start with…

  • « Erin is motivated by… »
  • « However, the main weakness is…, which is why… »

Start with…

  • « The driving force behind Erin is… »
  • « This flaw makes the character…, yet… »

3.2 The antagonist (the opposing force): who or what stops the protagonist?

Start with…

  • « PG&E stands in the way because… »
  • « But the real obstacle may also be… »

Start with…

  • « Beyond PG&E, the film points to… »
  • « The real antagonist could be…, since… »

3.3 Cultural identity: how does the film reflect American values (the self-made woman, the power of lawyers and courts, the small town against a giant company)?

Start with…

  • « Erin is a kind of self-made woman because… »
  • « In the USA, citizens can… »

Start with…

  • « The film celebrates the American idea that… »
  • « The lawsuit shows that… »
San Bernardino County Courthouse
San Bernardino County Courthouse · Photo: Einbierbitte · CC BY-SA 3.0
The real Erin Brockovich, environmental activist
The real Erin Brockovich, environmental activist · Photo: Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ, United States of America · CC BY-SA 2.0

4 Cinematic techniques

The official trailer is on IMDb (your teacher plays it): choose one moment from the list below.

  • ≈0:03 · Erin at a job interview
  • ≈1:15 · Erin taking a photo against the sky
  • ≈1:57 · a straight desert road
  • ≈2:03 · two sides face each other at a table

4.1 Camera angles & shots: describe one memorable moment. Is it a close-up (focus on emotion) or a wide shot (focus on the place)?

Start with…

  • « The director uses a … shot to… »
  • « This angle makes … look… »

Start with…

  • « The … at … invites the audience to… »
  • « By framing … this way, the director suggests that… »

4.2 Soundtrack & lighting: how do the music or the colours make you feel in that moment?

Start with…

  • « The music creates a … atmosphere. »
  • « The lighting makes … look… »

Start with…

  • « The contrast between … and … suggests… »
  • « The colour palette reflects… »
Julia Roberts, Oscar for Best Actress
Julia Roberts, Oscar for Best Actress · Photo: U.S. Department of State from United States · Public domain
Aerial view of a large data centre in Council Bluffs, Iowa, USA, at sunset
Aerial view of the Google data centre in Council Bluffs, Iowa · Photo: Chad Davis · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

5 Critical thinking & personal opinion

5.1 Thematic core: what message is the director trying to send to the audience?

Start with…

  • « Steven Soderbergh shows that… »
  • « The film warns us that… »

Start with…

  • « The film suggests that…, because… »
  • « Ultimately, it questions… »

5.2 The question of the film: « Who protects a town when its water is poisoned? » Answer it now, after the study.

Start with…

  • « In my opinion,… For example, in the trailer… »
  • « The film made me think again about… »

Start with…

  • « I would argue that…, as shown by… »
  • « However, one could object that… »

5.3 Your review · Star rating: ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆

Write a review (120 to 150 words) with two arguments and an example.

Write a review (180 to 200 words): two arguments, a concession and a conclusion.

Start with…

  • « I would (not) recommend this film because… »
  • « The best moment of the trailer is… because… »
  • « On the other hand,… »

Start with…

  • « Erin Brockovich is a … film which… »
  • « What makes it relevant today is… »
  • « Even though…, I would recommend it to… »

Sources

  • Video: official trailer on IMDb.
  • Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board · US EPA · Los Angeles Times archives.
  • Photos: Wikimedia Commons and public-domain archives, credited under each image. No still from the film is reproduced.
  • Activities, sentence starters and model answers: Madame Carole Paoli Pompougnac.

Toolbox · all the activities

Comprehension, film language, context, characters, speaking, writing, exam and project, with answer keys. Use them with the guide and the worksheet above.

Cultural concept

Environmental justice

The idea that every community, rich or poor, has the right to clean water and a safe environment, and to justice when it is harmed.

Key question: Can the law protect people who have no power?

Route A · The film as a starting point

Watch → Film language → Context & history → Characters → Speak → Write → Project → Closing: place & exchange

Route B · The film as the final task

Context & history → Characters → Speak → Write → Watch the trailer → Film language → Final task: Project → Closing: place & exchange

Guiding thread: Finding one’s place in the world · Sub-thread: Giving and receiving, we can only give and receive from a place.

Theme: Justice & the environment

Overview

Hook, finding one’s place

Guiding thread: Finding one’s place in the world · Sub-thread: Giving and receiving, we can only give and receive from a place.

The real Erin Brockovich, environmental activist, in 2016
The real Erin Brockovich, environmental activist, in 2016 · Photo: Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ, United States of America · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Finding one’s place in the world · Young people today

Erin Brockovich has no law degree, but she makes her place by fighting for the families of Hinkley. Today, why do so many young people get involved in the fight for clean water and a safe environment?

Sentence starters

  • Erin makes her place by…
  • Young people get involved for the environment because…
  • One person can make a difference when…
  • Fighting for others can give young people…

Erin today. In 2026, the real Erin Brockovich is fighting AI data centres in the USA. See the step Erin today in the Context & history tab.

Visionary filmmakers. Back in 2000, Steven Soderbergh was already showing a town fighting for clean water, long before young people marched for the climate around the world.

Talk about the characters and about young people in general, not about yourself.

Then, a second question:

Can one person without a diploma beat a giant company? And what would you need: evidence, allies, courage, a lawyer, or all of them?

Sentence starters

  • To win against a big company, you need…
  • The most powerful weapon is… because…
  • A person without a law degree can still…

The film in three lines

California, early 1990s. Erin Brockovich, a single mother of three with no legal training, talks her way into a job at the small law firm of Ed Masry. Filing real estate papers, she finds medical records where they should not be. Her investigation leads to Hinkley, a desert town whose groundwater was polluted with hexavalent chromium by the utility PG&E · and to one of the largest settlements of its time: $333 million in 1996.

Your mission: learn the language of the law, investigate the real documents like Erin, interview a client, negotiate a settlement and pitch the case.

Start with the trailerFilm study sheetJustice & the environment

Your route through this study

  1. Watch · the trailer, three viewings.
  2. Law words · the vocabulary of investigations and law firms (Context tab).
  3. Investigate like Erin · document analysis (Context tab).
  4. Speak · client interview, settlement meeting, pitch.
  5. Write · a case summary and an opinion piece.
Barstow, California, a dozen miles from Hinkley
Barstow, California, a dozen miles from HinkleyPhoto: Amin Eshaiker · CC BY-SA 3.0
The Mojave Desert near Barstow, early 20th century
The Mojave Desert near Barstow, early 20th centuryPhoto: Detroit Publishing · Public domain
Hinkley in San Bernardino County, California
Hinkley in San Bernardino County, CaliforniaPhoto: Anna Tesař · CC0
San Bernardino County Courthouse
San Bernardino County CourthousePhoto: Einbierbitte · CC BY-SA 3.0
The real Erin Brockovich, environmental activist
The real Erin Brockovich, environmental activistPhoto: Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ, United States of America · CC BY-SA 2.0
Julia Roberts, Oscar for Best Actress
Julia Roberts, Oscar for Best ActressPhoto: U.S. Department of State from United States · Public domain

Film sheet

QR code to the printable film study sheet

Film study sheet · printable, clickable, with QR code.

Open the printable sheet

https://trame-lycee.netlify.app/films/fiche-erin-brockovich.html

Film credits

TitleErin Brockovich (USA, 2000)
DirectorSteven Soderbergh
ScreenplaySusannah Grant
ProducersDanny DeVito, Michael Shamberg, Stacey Sher
CastJulia Roberts (Erin Brockovich), Albert Finney (Ed Masry), Aaron Eckhart (George), Marg Helgenberger (Donna Jensen), Peter Coyote (Kurt Potter), Cherry Jones (Pamela Duncan), Veanne Cox (Theresa Dallavale). The real Erin Brockovich and Ed Masry make brief appearances.
CinematographyEd Lachman
EditingAnne V. Coates
MusicThomas Newman
DistributorsUniversal Pictures (USA), Columbia TriStar (international)
Running time131 minutes
Release (USA)17 March 2000
RatingR, language
Awards73rd Academy Awards (2001): 5 nominations, 1 Oscar, Best Actress (Julia Roberts); nominations for Best Picture, Director, Supporting Actor (Albert Finney), Original Screenplay

Film language, with examples from the official trailer

Timecodes refer to the official trailer and are approximate (± 5 s): versions online may differ slightly.

Shots

WordMeaning
establishing shot / extreme long shotshows the place; people look tiny
long shota whole body in its setting
medium shotfrom the waist up
close-upa face fills the frame: emotion
extreme close-upa detail: eyes, a hand, an object
two-shottwo characters in one frame: a relationship
over-the-shoulder shotwe watch one character through another’s position
  • ≈0:03close-up on Erin at a job interview: talking fast, all energy
  • ≈1:57extreme long shot of a straight desert road with power poles: Hinkley’s isolation
  • ≈0:57framing through window blinds: someone is watching, a world of secrets

Angles

WordMeaning
eye levelneutral, we are equal with the character
high anglecamera above: the character looks small or weak
low anglecamera below: the character looks powerful
canted (Dutch) angletilted frame: unease, a world out of balance
bird’s-eye viewstraight down from above
  • ≈1:15low angle on Erin taking a photo against a wide blue sky: she becomes a strong investigator
  • ≈2:03shot / reverse shot at eye level across a meeting table: two sides face each other

Camera movement

WordMeaning
panthe camera turns horizontally
tiltthe camera moves up or down
tracking shotthe camera travels with a character or a car
zoomthe lens brings us closer
handheld camerashaky, urgent, documentary feel
crane / aerial shotthe camera flies above the scene
  • ≈1:09handheld camera follows Erin walking fast through an office

Lighting & colour

WordMeaning
high-key lightingbright, few shadows: optimism
low-key lightingdark, strong shadows: tension, mystery
backlightinglight behind a character: a halo or a silhouette
natural lightsun, windows, candles
colour palettethe dominant colours of the film
  • ≈1:57sandy, dusty yellow tones for the desert
  • ≈0:27warm lamp light at a kitchen table at night: exhaustion, family life
  • ≈2:03cold, neutral office light in the meeting room: the world of corporate lawyers

Sound

WordMeaning
diegetic soundthe characters can hear it (a radio, a piano on stage)
non-diegetic soundonly the audience hears it (the score, a narrator)
voice-overa voice we hear over the images
scoremusic composed for the film
silenceno sound: a shock, a pause
sound bridgea sound that continues into the next scene
  • whole trailerthe song “Everyday Is a Winding Road” (Sheryl Crow) carries the rhythm
  • ≈2:14a line with a double meaning about water, the punchline of a scene

Editing

WordMeaning
cuta direct change of shot
cross-cuttingalternating between two places or stories
montagea fast series of shots that compresses time
fade to blackthe image disappears: an ending, a pause
intertitletext on screen between images
slow motiontime slows down: importance, emotion
  • ≈0:15the actress’s name written on screen like handwriting
  • whole trailerfast cuts between comedy and serious investigation
  • ≈2:03 → 2:15shot / reverse shot: a duel of words

Step into the period

Daily life

  • Early 1990s: fax machines, paper files, photocopiers, pagers; no smartphones
  • Research means driving, knocking on doors and reading files in public offices
  • Childcare is a daily problem for a working single parent

Music

  • Pop-rock and country of the 1990s; Sheryl Crow in the trailer
  • Thomas Newman’s light guitar score

Fashion

  • Erin’s bold style, short skirts, high heels, big hair, shocks the conservative office
  • Suits and ties for lawyers; work clothes and caps in Hinkley

Places

  • The San Fernando Valley and Los Angeles law offices
  • Hinkley, a small community in the Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County
  • The PG&E Hinkley compressor station, about two miles southeast of town

Historical landmarks

  • 1952 PG&E starts using hexavalent chromium against corrosion at its Hinkley compressor station (the Water Board gives 1952; the LA Times dates the case to 1951).
  • 1952 to 1966 Wastewater is discharged into unlined ponds; part of it reaches the groundwater.
  • 1970 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is created.
  • 1972 The Clean Water Act becomes law.
  • 1974 The Safe Drinking Water Act protects public drinking water.
  • 1987 7 December: PG&E informs the local Water Board of the chromium contamination.
  • 1993 Erin Brockovich, a legal clerk for Ed Masry, investigates; more than 600 Hinkley residents file a lawsuit against PG&E (Anderson et al. v. PG&E).
  • 1994 to 1996 Binding arbitration: awards of about $121 million to the first 39 plaintiffs, under a $400 million cap.
  • 1996 2 July: PG&E agrees to pay $333 million to about 650 plaintiffs.
  • 2000 17 March: Erin Brockovich is released.
  • 2001 Julia Roberts wins the Oscar for Best Actress.
  • 2014 1 July: California sets a drinking-water limit for chromium 6 (10 µg/L).
  • 2017 A court invalidates this limit.
  • 2024 California adopts a new limit of 10 µg/L (effective 1 October 2024).

Sources: Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board · Los Angeles Times, 3 July 1996 · California State Water Resources Control Board

Watch

Official trailer

The rights holders have not published this trailer on YouTube. Watch the official trailer on IMDb (link below), the teacher plays it in class. Times on this page are approximate (±5 s).

Official trailer on IMDb

Before you watch

Look at the gallery: a desert, a small town, a courthouse, a woman. Predict the story in three sentences.

Sentence starters

  • I think the story takes place in…
  • The courthouse suggests that…
  • The woman might…

First viewing, global understanding

  1. What does Erin need at the beginning, and how does she try to get it?
  2. Where does she find something strange? What is it?
  3. Which chemical is mentioned? Is it dangerous?
  4. Erin says: “I hate lawyers. I just…”, how does the sentence end?
  5. Why does her boss say she makes the case “personal”? How does she answer?
  6. What has Erin collected at the end (“every single one”)?
Answer key
  1. A job; she insists: “I’m smart. I’m hardworking, and I’ll do anything. And I’m not leaving here without a job.”
  2. In real estate files: medical records and blood samples.
  3. Hexavalent chromium: “can be very harmful”, “So it kills people.”
  4. “…work for them.”
  5. She is emotional; she answers that it is her work, her sweat, her time away from her kids.
  6. Signatures: “They’re all signed, every single one.”

Second viewing, exact words

  1. “Why are there medical records and blood ___ in real estate files?”
  2. “Would you mind if I ___ this a little further?”
  3. “We’re going to have to spend a little time filling in the ___ in your research.”
  4. “For the first time in my life, I got people ___ me.”
  5. “$20 million is more money than these people have ever ___ of.”
  6. “By the way, we had that ___ brought in special for you folks.”
Answer key
  1. samples
  2. investigate
  3. holes
  4. respecting
  5. dreamed
  6. water

Third viewing, the water line

At the end of the trailer, Erin’s team offers a glass of water to corporate lawyers: “By the way, we had that water brought in special for you folks.” Explain the irony. Why is it the perfect last line?

Sentence starters

  • The irony is that…
  • The lawyers suddenly understand…
  • This line sums up the case because…

Film language

Filming an investigation

MomentTechniqueMeaning
≈0:03 job interviewclose-up, fast dialogueErin fills the frame: she refuses to be ignored
≈1:15 Erin with a cameralow angle against the skyshe becomes the investigator, collecting evidence
≈1:57 the desert roadextreme long shot, dusty coloursHinkley is isolated, far from power
≈2:03 meeting roomshot / reverse shota duel: a small firm versus a giant

Sentence starters

  • The director uses… to show that Erin…
  • The contrast between the office and the desert…
  • The shot / reverse shot turns the meeting into…

Light and colour

Compare the warm, dusty tones of Hinkley with the cold light of the meeting room. What do these two palettes say about two worlds?

Context & history

Law words, the vocabulary of the case

WordMeaningExample
lawsuita case brought to a court by one party against anotherHinkley residents filed a lawsuit against PG&E in 1993.
plaintiffthe person who brings a case to courtMore than 600 plaintiffs joined the case.
defendantthe person or company accused in a casePG&E was the defendant.
attorney / lawyera professional who represents clientsEd Masry is an attorney.
law firma company of lawyersMasry & Vititoe is a small law firm.
partnera senior lawyer who co-owns the firmKurt Potter becomes a partner in the case.
paralegal / file clerka non-lawyer who helps lawyers with research and filesErin starts as a file clerk and works like a paralegal.
evidencedocuments, facts or objects that prove somethingWater samples and records are evidence.
depositionan interview under oath, recorded before a trialWitnesses give depositions.
to sue / to file a claimto start legal actionFamilies decide to sue the utility.
settlementan agreement to end a case, usually with money, without a trial verdictPG&E agreed to a $333 million settlement.
arbitrationa private process in which an arbitrator, not a jury, decidesThe case went to binding arbitration.
class action / mass torta case for many people harmed in the same wayThe Hinkley case is often called a class action; technically, it was a mass toxic tort.
toxic torta claim for harm caused by a dangerous substanceChromium 6 in drinking water led to a toxic tort.
liability / liablelegal responsibility / legally responsibleIs the company liable for the illnesses?
damagesmoney paid to compensate harmThe plaintiffs asked for damages.
statute of limitationsthe time limit to start a caseLawyers must act before the deadline.
hexavalent chromium (chromium 6)a toxic form of the metal chromiumPG&E used it against corrosion.
groundwater / aquiferwater under the ground / the rock layer that holds itWells pump groundwater for drinking.
plumean area of contaminated groundwater spreading undergroundThe plume is at least eight miles long.
contamination / to contaminatepollution / to make impureWastewater contaminated the aquifer.
cleanup orderan official order to clean a polluted siteThe Water Board issued a Cleanup and Abatement Order.
utilitya company providing gas, electricity or waterPG&E is a utility.
compressor stationa site that pushes natural gas through pipelinesThe Hinkley compressor station is two miles southeast of the town.

Practise: cover the “Meaning” column and explain each word in your own English.

Investigate like Erin, the real documents

Erin built her case with records, maps and testimonies. Do the same with three real documents.

Document A, the Water Board

“PG&E’s natural gas Compressor Station is located approximately two miles southeast of the town of Hinkley and a dozen miles west of Barstow in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County. Between 1952 and 1966, PG&E used hexavalent chromium, also known as chromium 6, to fight corrosion in cooling tower water. The wastewater from the cooling towers was discharged to unlined ponds at the site. Some of the wastewater percolated to the groundwater, resulting in hexavalent chromium pollution. The chromium affects an area of groundwater at least eight miles long and two miles wide.”

Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board, “Hinkley Compressor Station Chromium Contamination Cleanup”

Document B, the newspaper

“Pacific Gas & Electric Co., the nation’s largest investor-owned utility, agreed Tuesday to pay $333 million to residents of the tiny desert community of Hinkley, Calif., who blamed cancers and other diseases on contaminated water leaking from a gas pumping station.”

Los Angeles Times, 3 July 1996

“PG&E decided to settle after two years of binding arbitration led to awards of $121 million to 39 plaintiffs. Under the terms of the arbitration, the company could have been required to pay up to $400 million.”

Los Angeles Times, 3 July 1996

Document C, the map

Look at the map of San Bernardino County and the photo of Barstow in the gallery. Locate Hinkley.

Your case file

  1. Who? Name the company and the community.
  2. Where? Give the exact location of the compressor station.
  3. When? Give the dates of the pollution, the lawsuit and the settlement.
  4. What? Name the chemical and explain why it was used.
  5. How? Explain step by step how it reached the groundwater.
  6. How big? Give the size of the plume.
  7. How much? Compare $121 million, $333 million and $400 million: why did PG&E settle?
  8. Contradiction check: Documents A and B give different start dates (1952 / 1951). How would a good investigator deal with this?
Answer key
  1. PG&E (Pacific Gas & Electric); Hinkley, California.
  2. About two miles southeast of Hinkley, a dozen miles west of Barstow, Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County.
  3. Pollution 1952 to 1966; lawsuit filed 1993; settlement agreed on 2 July 1996 (reported 3 July).
  4. Hexavalent chromium (chromium 6), to fight corrosion in cooling tower water.
  5. Cooling tower wastewater → unlined ponds → percolation → groundwater.
  6. At least eight miles long and two miles wide.
  7. The first 39 plaintiffs already won $121 million; with about 650 plaintiffs, the total risk was up to $400 million; $333 million ended the case.
  8. Note both sources, check a third (official records), and say “in the early 1950s” when unsure.

Sentence starters

  • According to Document A,…
  • The newspaper reports that…
  • The two sources disagree on…, so…
  • The evidence clearly shows…

After the film, the long cleanup

The story did not end in 1996. The Water Board still orders PG&E to contain and clean the plume (Cleanup and Abatement Order R6V-2015-0068). California set a drinking-water limit for chromium 6 in 2014, a court cancelled it in 2017, and a new limit of 10 micrograms per litre took effect on 1 October 2024 (California State Water Resources Control Board).

Sentence starters

  • It took… years to…
  • This shows that environmental justice…

Fact or film?

The film is based on a true story, but some characters are composites or invented and some events are dramatised. The case was often called a class action; technically, each plaintiff’s claim was handled individually in arbitration.

Sentence starters

  • The film simplifies… because…
  • What matters most is…

Erin today, from Hinkley to AI data centres (2026)

Aerial view of a large data centre in Council Bluffs, Iowa, USA, at sunset
Aerial view of the Google data centre in Council Bluffs, Iowa · Photo: Chad Davis · CC BY 2.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Sources: The Guardian, 29 June 2026 (Zoe Williams) · Brockovich Data Center Reporting (Erin Brockovich’s map)

More than 25 years after the film, the real Erin Brockovich has a new fight. In April 2026 she asked people living near AI data centres in the USA to write to her; within a month, 3,862 people replied. With their reports she built an open map of AI data centres across the country. People worry about water (for cooling), energy and higher bills, noise from generators and cooling systems, and secrecy: some towns discover a project only after it has been approved.

“We’re up against forces that have all the money in the world”

Headline, The Guardian, 29 June 2026

“This feels like Hinkley on steroids.”

Erin Brockovich, quoted in The Guardian, 29 June 2026

“The environment tells you a story every single day if you stop and pay attention.”

Erin Brockovich, quoted in The Guardian, 29 June 2026

1 · Compare: Erin in the film (2000) and Erin today (2026)

Erin in Steven Soderbergh’s film (2000)Erin today (2026)
The problempolluted groundwater in Hinkley…
Who she fightsa giant energy company, PG&E…
Her toolsrecords, maps, testimonies, a law firm…
Who she fights forthe families of Hinkley…

Sentence starters

  • In the film, Erin fights against… ; today, she fights against…
  • In both fights, the main resource at stake is…
  • In 2000 she used… ; in 2026 she uses…
  • What has not changed is…

2 · Discuss

  1. What makes someone keep fighting, whatever the fight?
  2. Most people put up with things. What makes a few people decide to act?

Sentence starters

  • Erin keeps fighting because…
  • A fight is still a fight, whether it is about… or…
  • Most people put up with things because…
  • A few people decide to act when…
  • People like Erin give others…

Talk about Erin and about people in general, not about yourself.

Answer key
  1. Film: polluted water, PG&E, records and testimonies, the Hinkley families. Today: AI data centres; huge tech developers (“forces that have all the money in the world”); an online form, emails and an open map; communities all over the USA. Unchanged: water, people’s right to know, listening to residents.
  2. Open answer: a sense of justice, the people she listens to, the wish to protect water and nature (“The environment tells you a story every single day if you stop and pay attention.”).
  3. Open answer: fear, lack of time or information, the feeling of being powerless; a few act when they see the truth, when they are not alone, when someone shows them how, Erin organises people so that they can be heard together.

Characters

Character (actor)WhoKey word
Erin Brockovich (Julia Roberts)single mother of three, file clerk turned investigatortenacity
Ed Masry (Albert Finney)lawyer, owner of a small law firmtrust
George (Aaron Eckhart)Erin’s neighbour, a biker who looks after her childrensupport
Donna Jensen (Marg Helgenberger)Hinkley resident whose family is illcourage
Kurt Potter (Peter Coyote)experienced toxic tort attorney who joins the caseexperience
Theresa Dallavale (Veanne Cox)lawyer who works with Pottermethod
Pamela Duncan (Cherry Jones)a Hinkley residenttestimony

Task, Erin’s strengths and weaknesses

Find two strengths and two weaknesses of Erin in the trailer. Are her “weaknesses” (she is direct, emotional, unconventional) also strengths in her job?

Sentence starters

  • Erin is… which helps her to…
  • However, she can be…
  • Her lack of training means…, but…

Speak

1 · Investigation report, 2 minutes (continuous speech)

Present your case file (Context tab) to the partners of the firm.

Your report2:00

Sentence starters

  • Our investigation concerns…
  • The evidence shows that…
  • Between 1952 and 1966,…
  • We recommend that the firm…

2 · Client interview at a law firm (interaction)

Pairs. A is a paralegal at the firm; B plays a Hinkley resident (an invented character, never yourself). A must collect facts: how long they have lived there, where their water comes from, what they noticed, what documents they have. B answers using only the documents. Swap.

4 minutes4:00

Sentence starters

  • Thank you for coming in. Could you tell me…?
  • How long have you…?
  • Do you have any documents that…?
  • I understand. Let me make sure I have this right:…
  • Here is what happens next:…

3 · Mock settlement meeting (groups of 4 to 6)

Roles: two plaintiffs’ attorneys, two PG&E attorneys, one arbitrator, one note-taker. Facts on the table: 39 plaintiffs already awarded about $121 million; a cap of $400 million; about 650 plaintiffs. Each side opens (1 minute), then negotiate (6 minutes). The arbitrator summarises. Compare your figure with the real one: $333 million.

Negotiation6:00

Sentence starters

  • Our clients deserve…
  • With respect, the evidence shows…
  • We are prepared to offer…
  • That figure is unacceptable because…
  • Could we agree on…?
  • To sum up the agreement,…

4 · Oral pitch, 90 seconds

You are Erin. Convince a big firm to join the case. Hook, facts, emotion, call to action.

Your pitch1:30

Sentence starters

  • Imagine a town where…
  • Here are the facts:…
  • These people don’t want to be rich; they want…
  • Join us because…

5 · Debate, “Should companies always pay for past pollution, even after decades?”

Sentence starters

  • The polluter should pay because…
  • On the other hand,…
  • In the Hinkley case,…

Write

Write

B2 · 200 to 250 words, case summary: Write the memo Erin gives to Ed Masry: facts, evidence, next steps. Use at least eight law words.

B2+ · 280 to 300 words, opinion piece: “Clean water is a right, not a privilege.” Use the Hinkley case.

Sentence starters

  • To: Ed Masry · From: Erin Brockovich · Re: Hinkley
  • Our evidence indicates that…
  • I recommend that we…
  • Access to clean water…
  • Hinkley shows that…

For the exam

For the exam. In the baccalauréat général, English (LVA / LVB) is assessed through continuous assessment: your annual average in 1re and in Tle counts (coefficient 3 each year). At the end of Tle, your teachers also certify your CEFR level in each skill, listening, reading, writing, speaking (continuous) and speaking (interaction), on your official language certificate. Every task below is built on those five skills, with authentic documents linked to a programme axis, exactly like your class assessments.

What this film study trains

  • Listening: trailer, three viewings.
  • Reading: Water Board and LA Times documents.
  • Speaking (continuous): investigation report, pitch.
  • Speaking (interaction): client interview, settlement meeting, debate.
  • Writing: memo, opinion piece.

Project

Project, “The Hinkley case file”

In groups, build a digital case file: timeline, map, vocabulary, the two documents, a 1-minute video pitch and an interview script. Present it as a law firm presenting to a jury of classmates.

Sentence starters

  • Members of the jury,…
  • Exhibit A shows…
  • We ask you to…

Continue with the Justice & the environment hub: compare Hinkley with Promised Land, Food, Inc. and Super Size Me.

Closing: place & exchange

Step 1 · A place found or lost

Everything is exchange, and we can only give and receive from a place. First find each character’s place; then look at four kinds of exchange; then go deeper: what passes between the characters inside · trust, love, respect, meaning? Who do they become, not only what do they own?

Where is Erin’s place at the start of the film, and how does she make a new one?

Sentence starters

  • At the start, …’s place is…
  • At the end, … has found / lost his/her place because…
Answer key
  1. Erin starts with no job and no respect; she makes her place in the firm and becomes the families’ voice.

Step 2 · Four kinds of exchange

Kind of exchangeIn the film
PoliticalThe case against PG&E and the Lahontan Water Board.
EmotionalErin, her children and George; Erin and Donna Jensen.
General interestThe safety of Hinkley’s drinking water.
Human rightsThe right to health and to the truth about what is in the water.

Sentence starters

  • The political exchange in the film is between… and…
  • …gives… to…, and in return…
  • This exchange serves the general interest because…
  • …defends the right to…

Step 3 · Beyond what they have: who they are

Now go deeper, from the place each character has found or lost. Talk about the characters only.

  1. Erin remembers every plaintiff’s name and story. What does this tell the families about how she sees them?
  2. What does Erin receive from her work, beyond money?
  3. The film ends with a large bonus. Is that the most important thing Erin gains? Explain with a scene.

Sentence starters

  • What really passes between… and… is…
  • …does not only give…; he/she gives…
  • Thanks to…, …understands who he/she is.
  • At the end, what matters for… is not what he/she has but…
  • This exchange changes… because…
  • From his/her new place, … can at last give / receive…

Closing sentence (write it): From the place they find or lose, the deepest exchange in this film is…

Answer key
  1. They are people, not files: she listens to them and remembers their lives.
  2. Respect, confidence and a sense of purpose: for the first time, people take her seriously.
  3. No: the bonus is what she has; what she gains is who she is, someone who matters and fights for others. Price: less time with her children and George.
  4. Model closing sentence: Erin wins money, but she finds something deeper: respect and a purpose.

Teacher

Teacher notes

Rated R (language). Trailer and stills only. The trailer contains a few crude lines (≈0:42, ≈1:01, ≈1:07): play it once yourself first; the questions avoid them.
  • Trailer: no rights-holder upload on YouTube (Universal / Sony). Link to the official trailer on IMDb; no embed.
  • Axes: 1re « L’être humain et la nature », « Diversité et inclusion » (social class) · Tle « Espace privé et espace public », « Fictions et réalités ».
  • Facts: Lahontan Water Board (1952 à 1966, plume 8 × 2 miles); LA Times 3 July 1996 ($333 M, $121 M / 39 plaintiffs, $400 M cap, 650 plaintiffs); State Water Board (chromium 6 limit).
  • Thomas Girardi, the plaintiffs’ lawyer quoted by the LA Times, was later disbarred and convicted of stealing clients’ money: not quoted here.
  • Optional critical-thinking point for Tle: the science of chromium 6 was itself contested (a 1987 Chinese study and its disputed 1997 “retraction”, prepared by a consulting firm working for PG&E).

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Created by Madame Carole Paoli Pompougnac.